Moreover people tend to confuse the skin infections caused by bacterial skin infection and fungal skin infection. They inter-relate them; therefore we have enlisted differentiation between the two in terms of structure and functionality.

There are two scales to measure the degree of malignance of a pathogen mainly of the bacterial skin infection and the fungal skin infections.

Toxigenicity – is the rate of toxins emitted by the pathogen
Invasiveness – is the rate at with it multiplies in the host body

Bacterial Skin Infection

1)Structure and characteristics – Bacterium (Singular) and Bacteria (Plural) – The structure of bacteria is layered with the outermost layer composed of cell wall while the plasma membrane is the next layer. Some bacteria are found to have tail like structure called the flagella.

a)The content composition of bacteria is called the cytoplasm.
b)The main protein of bacteria are the ribosome, they help the bacteria to synthesize proteins.
c)The ribosome of bacteria is different from any other cell. They are smaller as compared others, this is the reason why the host cells remain unaffected by antibiotics.
d)The antibacterial medicines mainly the antibiotics attack ribosome which cause the bacteria to die as no protein synthesis this takes place.
e)But most commonly the bacterial cell wall is attacked by antibiotics.
f)Most bacteria are infectious but few are helpful and needed. Example would be the bacteria found in our intestine which help in food digestion.
g)Bacterial infections are more resilient and after a while the bacteria can mutate and become antibiotic resistant

2)Shapes Found in Bacteria – Coccus (Sphere), Bacillus (rod) and Spirillum (spiral)

3)Reproduction – Bacteria multiply and grow through binary fission. This mechanism involve geometric productions, whereby one bacteria divides into two and the two further sub divide with copy of the same DNA. If proper, which is to say ideal conditions are found by bacterium, it can multiply into to billion bacteria within 10 hours. But seldom does it happen as bacteria don’t find congenial environs for such colossal reproductions.

Fungal Skin Infection

1)Structure and characteristics – Fungus (singular) and fungi (plural) are a little larger than bacteria. Fungi being more plant like, their cells need to be more carefully identified. The most significant differentiation is that fungi are composed of chitin not found in plant cell. Fungi are mostly multi-cellular except for yeast. The genetic material is enclosed to form a nucleus unlike that of bacteria where it is scattered.

a)More plant like in structure, fungi lack chlorophyll which devoid them from making their own food.
b)Lack of chlorophyll makes them dependent to take nutrients from the host they grow on mostly dead organism.
c)They become deadly when they start obtaining nutrients from living organism.
d)Ribosomes in fungi are larger than that of bacteria’s.
e)Other structures found in fungi excluisly include – organelles helping in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, Lysosomes containing enzyme helping in nutrient digestion and Centrioles showing clear division.
f)Fungal infections are mostly result of skin contact or inhaling fungal infection through suspended fungi in the air.

2) Shapes Found in Fungi – No particular shape

3) Reproduction – is done through Budding, Production of spores asexually, Fragmentation and Production of spores sexually

Types of Herpes Infection

As mentioned earlier, Herpes affects various parts of body in different ways. Thus the symptoms and disorder may vary according to the affected site. Some commonly found Herpes are mentioned here.
•Oral herpes: This is also commonly called cold sores or fever blisters. It affects the mouth and the face which may develop small blisters. These blisters are common around the lip area. This is the most commonly found form of Herpes.
•Genital Herpes: This is also referred to as simply Herpes. It affects the genital areas which may develop painful blisters.
•Other forms of Herpes are cerebral Herpes called encephalitis, herpes Whitlow, Neonatal Herpes and Bell’s palsy. These are rare conditions but at the same time also the more virulent form of herpes infections.

Herpes infection has a cycle of 2- 21 days where the blisters develop and form scabs and then later disappear. Once the virus enters the body it remains in the nervous system always so there is always the danger of a relapse of Herpes infection. Herpes is spread from direct contact with the blisters and thus may be contracted on coming in contact with an infected person especially when the scabs are dropping.

There is no cure for Herpes though after many years of remaining in the body the virus becomes asymptomatic and does not cause diseases anymore. Antiviral medication is given to help relieve the symptoms and reduce viral shedding. The long term cure for herpes is prevention of further outbreaks and infections.

Prevention of Herpes Outbreak

•Vitamin supplements are known to increase immunity and prevent Herpes and other infections. Especially calcium and magnesium supplements are helpful.
•L-lysine, an amino acid, is known to retard the growth of the herpes virus and prevent outbreaks.
•Applying ice packs at the first sign of a blister can retard the virus and prevent the blister from erupting.
•Tea tree oil is a good antiseptic and an antioxidant. Applying tea tree oil at the site of infection greatly reduces the symptoms and helps relieve the painful sores.
•Eating yogurt everyday also prevents the virus from flaring up. Yogurt has lots of antibacterial properties which help the body fight infections.
•Eating a clove or two of garlic everyday has been known to prevent further outbreak of Herpes. Garlic has antioxidant properties which reduce the potency of virus inside the body.
•Washing hands frequently with a good antimicrobial soap also prevents the infection from spreading to other parts and to other people.
•Avoid coming in contact with people who have a Herpes infection.

Maintaining general hygiene and cleanliness also goes a long way in preventing the spread of infections. Take care of yourself and prevent further Herpes outbreaks by following these simple steps.

Stargardt’s Macular Dystrophy causes progressive vision loss, usually starting in children between 10 to 20 years of age. Eventually, blindness results from photoreceptor loss associated with degeneration in the pigmented layer of the retina, called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). . “There is currently no treatment for Stargardt’s disease,” said Dr. Robert Lanza, ACT’s Chief Scientific Officer. “Using stem cells, we can generate a virtually unlimited supply of healthy RPE cells, which are the first cells to die off in SMD and other forms of macular degeneration. We’ve tested these cells in animal models of eye disease. In rats, we’ve seen 100% improvement in visual performance over untreated animals without any adverse effects. Our studies showed that the cells were capable of extensive rescue of photoreceptors in animals that otherwise would have gone blind. Near-normal function was also achieved in a mouse model of Stargardt’s disease. We hope to see a similar benefit in patients with various forms of macular degeneration.”

The Phase I/II trial will be a prospective, open-label study that is designed to determine the safety and tolerability of the RPE cells following sub-retinal transplantation to patients with advanced SMD. A total of twelve patients will be enrolled in the study at multiple clinical sites. The sites which are currently under consideration are the Jules Stein Eye Institute at UCLA (headed by Dr. Steven Schwartz); the Casey Eye Institute in Portland, Oregon (headed by Dr. Peter Francis of the Oregon Health Sciences University); the University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center in Worcester, Massachusetts (headed by Dr. Shalesh Kaushal, Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology); the UMDNJ “ New Jersey Medical School in Newark, New Jersey (headed by Dr. Marco Zarbin, Chair, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science); additional sites may be considered.

Earlier this year the FDA also granted Orphan Drug designation for the company’s RPE cells. As a result, the company is eligible to receive a number of benefits, including tax credits, access to grant funding for clinical trials such as this one, accelerated FDA approval, and allowance for marketing exclusivity after drug approval for a period of as long as seven years.

What is an antibacterial soap?
Antibacterial soap is any cleaning product to which active antibacterial ingredients have been added. These chemicals kill bacteria and microbes. They are no more effective at deactivating viruses than any other kind of soap or detergent, and it also kills nonpathogenic bacteria. Most liquid hand and body soaps contain antibacterial chemicals; some that might cause the flesh on your hands to burn. Triclosan is a common ingredient, as is alcohol. Since there is a great variety of bacteria, effectiveness against any given type of bacterium does not ensure that it is effective against unrelated types. These are generally only contained at preservative level unless the product is marked antibacterial, antiseptic, or germicidal, Triclosan.

Benefits of  Antibacterial Soaps?
Most antibacterial soaps come with ingredients in combination or as triclosan alone. There may be other kinds of antibacterial agents. Research done in the department of Surgery, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York showed that the combination of Triclosan, polyhexamethylene biguanide, and benzethonium chloride-TPB or farnesol polyhexamethylene biguanide, and benzethonium chloride-PB showed superior rapid and broad-spectrum reduction of risk of organisms developing resistance than do soaps containing triclosan alone. Hand washing with TPB and FPB soaps by health care workers and the general population may reduce the transmission of germs, with a lower risk of promoting the emergence of resistant organisms.

Prevalence of the bacteria staphylococcus aureus is said be the major cause of skin infections. Soaps, especially antibacterial soap, are good at killing germs. Antibacterial soap and antibacterial liquid hand soap are widely available in the market today for effectively reducing infections caused by bacteria.  Among them, antibacterial soaps are commonly used for attaining a clear, healthy-looking skin. They contain an antibacterial ingredient named ‘triclosan’ that resists the growth of bacteria on the skin. From the extensive range of antibacterial soaps available in the market today, you can choose the right product that matches your skin type. There are also skin care soaps in different fragrances, skin conditioning agents and antibacterial components.

An antibacterial soap is a cleansing product designed to kill germs on the hands or body. These soaps are made in either liquid or bar form by blending detergent additives with ingredients, which have antimicrobial properties. An antibacterial soap is designed to safely kill germs and cleanse the skin. Antibacterial soaps were originally marketed to control body odor caused by the action of bacteria. Antibacterial products are sold in bar form, many of these bar soaps are available today, for example antibacterial liquid hand soap used for reducing infections caused by bacteria.

Benefits of Antibacterial Soaps:

• Hospitals make use of antibacterial soaps, because such products are believed to control the spread of bacteria, thereby reducing the risk of infections. This is the reason why antibacterial soap can be found everywhere within a hospital’s premises, right from the doctor’s office to the intensive care units to the operation theaters.

• Such soaps help in preventing the spread of bacteria that cause many stomach and other ailments.

• Antibacterial soaps give a person extra protection from different types of harmful bacteria that are known to thrive in household premises.

• Washing hands with such soaps prevents the spread of most of the ailments related to stomach.

• Washing hands with plain soap remove the germs, but not to that extent as it is known to be done by an antibacterial soap.

The antibacterial soap is helpful to kill the bacteria which are present on the skin & do harmful effects on the surface of the skin. Thus the regular use of antibacterial soap makes a person free from acne which is the common problem of skin in most individuals. So it is better for the people to use the antibacterial soaps as it not only gives a healthy, glowing and acne free skin but also help to prevent many other common skin problems. To get a clear healthy skin we should use an antibacterial soap instead of other soap.

Antibacterial soaps have been kill germs and prevent illness. Antibacterial soap works in a variety of ways; different antibacterial bar soap has an assortment of chemicals in them that kill different sorts of bacteria. Triclocarbon, a common antibacterial agent, persists through wastewater treatment and can accumulate in the environment. Another antibacterial agent, triclosan, is also reported to cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. Antibacterial soap have become increasingly popular over the past few years, they are more effective at killing germs than a regular soap. It used to be that antibacterial soap were used mainly in clinical health care environments, like scrubbing up prior to surgery. Now, antibacterial soaps are used in households across the country.